Thursday, June 9, 2011

Legendary canvas turns blank, M F Husain is no more!Shameful that Husain couldn't be in homeland!Zionist Brahaminical Manusmriti Hegemony killed Husain`s Citizenship and the NATION boasting of Democracy, Freedom and Secular Society just could NOT Hel


Legendary canvas turns blank, M F Husain is no more!Shameful that Husain couldn't be in homeland!Zionist Brahaminical Manusmriti Hegemony killed Husain`s Citizenship and the NATION boasting of Democracy, Freedom and Secular Society just could NOT Help it. It is quite relevant that the Demise of the EXILED Artist coincides with REINCARNATION of PUSHYAMITRA SUNG in Baba RAMDEV ANNA HAZZAARE format!

Indian Holocaust My Father`s Life and Time - SIX HUNDRED FIFTY FOUR

Palash Biswas

http://indianholocaustmyfatherslifeandtime.blogspot.com/


http://basantipurtimes.blogspot.com/


MF Hussain, a former movie billboard artist who rose to become India's most sought-after painter before going into self-imposed exile during an uproar over nude images of Hindu icons, died Thursday.

Shameful that Husain couldn't be in homeland!Zionist Brahaminical Manusmriti Hegemony killed Husain`s Citizenship and the NATION boasting of Democracy, Freedom and Secular Society just could NOT Help it. It is quite relevant that the Demise of the EXILED Artist coincides with REINCARNATION of PUSHYAMITRA SUNG in Baba RAMDEV ANNA HAZZAARE format!

Legendary canvas turns blank, M F Hussain is no more!MF Hussain, who became India's most sought-after painter, died in exile in London on Thursday. He was 95. Hussain began his career has a movie billboard artist and rose to become the most popular painter in India in the 1940s.MF Hussain was born on Sept. 17, 1915, in Pandharpur, Maharashtra. In 1996, controversy arose over paintings originally painted in the 1970s which were interpreted as anti-Hindu.

Hussain's passing away sparked a wave of tweets, online postings and re-run of interviews with him on television and online news, acknowledging his stature!

Renowned painter M.F. Husain's death in London was condoled in India as the passing away of a "true genius". From politicians to actors to photographers, many tweeted it was a shame that an artist of his stature was forced to stay away from his homeland.

Husain, who left the country in 2006 after death threats from Hindu radicals over his nude paintings of Indian deities, died Thursday morning in a London hospital. He was 95. This is what twitterati said:

Actor Rahul Bose: Husain passes away. We hang our heads partly in grief and partly in shame for not being able to let him spend his last days in this country.

Actor Pooja Bedi: I'm deeply saddened that one of India's greatest artists MF hussain died! And even more saddened fanaticism kept him away from India till death.

Omar Abdullah: RIP M.F. Husain. I'll never forget the privilege of watching you paint in Sanawar all those years ago.

Shashi Tharoor: Deeply saddened by passing of M F Husain. Giant of Indian art and wonderful personality, creative till his last breath at 95. A grt loss for India

Filmmaker Madhur Bhandarkar: Sad to hear renowned legendary artist M.F. Husain passes away, RIP!!!

Composer Vishal Dadlani: MF Husain, RIP. Apologies for the lack of understanding your home country showed you. There was nothing vulgar about Husain's work. Pity that some illiterate people who saw his stuff had dirty minds.

CNN-IBN TV channel quoted a friend, Arun Vadehra, as saying that Hussain, often described as India's Picasso, died at the Royal Brompton hospital in London. His lawyer, Akhil Sibal, confirmed the death.

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Hussain had lived in self-imposed exile Dubai since 2006 after coming under attack from Hindu hard-liners in India for a nude painting of a woman shaped like India's map, often depicted as "Mother India" in popular arts, folklore and literature. A nude of Hindu goddess Saraswati also angered the hard-liners.

No details of the cause of his death were immediately known.

The artist, whose full name was Maqbool Fida Hussain but who was known simply as M.F. Hussain, started out as a poster artist for India's prolific Bollywood film industry. Decades later, his paintings and even his simple pencil drawings became status symbols for India's wealthy elite, with his works commanding price tags running into millions of dollars.

With his free flowing white beard and hair, Hussain was an instantly recognizable figure in India's art world.

He first became well-known in the late 1940s as part of group of artists headed by Francis Newton Souza who broke with traditional Indian painting styles. He became especially well known for paintings of horses earlier in his career.
Some of the artwork that angered the Hindu right had been around since the 1970s but came to their notice in the 1990s.
The most controversial painting shows a nude woman on her knees, creating the shape of India's geographic borders. It caused an outcry among hard-line Hindu groups that said associating India with nudity was disrespectful. Several legal cases were brought against him. His depiction of Hindu goddesses in the nude also provoked anger among some Hindus, especially because Hussain is a Muslim.
Hard-liners issued several death threats against him, prompting him to leave the country.
Hussain spoke of a desire to return home during several interviews in recent years.
Well-known actress Shabana Azmi, a close family friend of the artist, said that she was "deeply, deeply saddened," to learn of Hussain's death.
She described him as an "iconoclastic painter, a wonderful human being and a very good friend."

Keep up to date with these results:

REVOLUTION, COUNTER REVOLUTION AND INDIAN CONSTITUTION.

Dr Ambedkar Architect of Indian Constitution

Ambedkar's work 'revolution and counter revolution' is an alternative version of Indian history. This version is a necessary alternative to the Vedic and puranic interpretation of Indian history. The work revolution and counter revolution is a piece of subaltern history. Indian history which is written from the viewpoint of Brahmanism and patriarchy, is rewritten by Ambedkar through the lens of oppressed and marginalized of course good amount of reading, observation and research have been invested by Babasaheb in this venture. It also points to the fact that one needs to correct and reinterpret the history for a social change in favor of the oppressed. This is a complete deconstruction a reformation that starts from the very root of oppression.

There are many interesting revealing in this book to Ambedkar there was a period of time when Shudras were kings to him the first turning point in India's political history is the emergence of kingdom of Magadha in 642 b.c. founder was Sisunag and he belonged to the non-aryan race of nagas it grew to an empire and then in 413 b.c nagas were succeeded by nandas in 322 b.c nanda king was deposed by chandragupta who established the maurya dynasty under emperor Ashoka the empire became so vast and Ashoka made Buddhism the religion of the state this became a blow to Brahmanism. Brahmins lost the state patronage and means of occupation the revolution that happened amid brahminism was Buddhism for almost 140 years of maurya rule brahmins lived as depressed class. Pushyamitra who was a samvedi brahmin brought an end to maurya empire and thus happened the decline of buddhism this was the counter revolution that happened. History of India is not uniform it has a brahminic phase, Buddhist phase and Hindu phase.

Buddhism emerged as an answer to the evils that existed in brahminic society, buddhism was the revolution against brahminic society. Decline of Buddhism emerged as a result of the revival of brahminism under the king Pushyamitra, with the help of Manusmirti this lead to the establishment of hindu religion with its rigid caste system and suppression of women.varna system was replaced by rigid caste system with strict division of labour and endogamy. Manu smriti was the gospel of counter revolution against Buddhism. 'If the Revolution of Pushyamitra was a purely political revolution there was no need for him to have launched a campaign of persecution against Buddhism which was not very different to the campaign of persecution launched by the Muhammad of Gazni against Hinduism. This is one piece of circumstantial evidence which proves that the aim of Pushyamitra was to overthrow Buddhism and establish Brahmanism in its place. Another piece of evidence which shows that the origin and purpose of the revolution by Pushyamitra against the Mauryas was to destroy Buddhism and establish Brahmanism is evidenced by the promulgation of Manu Smriti as a code of laws. '(Revolution and counter revolution in ancient India, Ambedkar, b.r,)(date unknown)

Muslim invasions starting from 7th century AD lead to the fall of Buddhism. Even the muslim invasions targeted hinduism but it survived because of state support Buddhism was badly affected because of lack of state support and mass murders of monks. Indian history prior to Muslim invasion was the history of struggle between Buddhists and brahmins.

if Buddhism was the revolution and establishment of hindu religion was the counter revolution then in the modern times Indian history witnessed the revival of this revolution. This revolution was lead by Babasaheb Ambedkar, his revolution was the greatest revolution that India ever witnessed. He revolutionized Buddhism and rejected Hinduism with its very basis of Vedas and shastras and he burned manusmriti that emerged as a counter revolution to Buddhism. When the reformation he aimed didn't materialize from within he went outside the frame work and challenged the structure by the mass conversion. His period and the times after that witnessed the greatest dalit assertion and constitution of India became the gospel for the revolution renewed by Babasaheb Ambedkar if Buddhism, the revolution was the thesis then Hindu religion, the counter revolution was the antithesis. Buddhism was a proposition then hindu religion, the counter thesis negated it then Babasaheb's revolution, is it a synthesis? certainly not, because synthesis is a stage where conflict is resolved between synthesis and antithesis by reconciling their common truth and arriving at a new proposition, this didn't happen Babasaheb went out of the hindu structure completely and  the conflict was not resolved and it's still going on. The struggle in front of all of us who believes in this revolution is to keep this revolution lively till Buddhism gets the recognition it deserves, it's not even recognized as a historical phase in Indian history by society.

Babasaheb officially destroyed the authority of manusmriti by drafting the Indian constitution that established rights of Dalits and women as human rights. As a part of the fieldwork a survey was conducted to know the awareness of second year MSW students regarding constitution of India. The questionnaire consisted of three parts. First part was to analyze the knowledge of students regarding the history of constitution like, when did it come into force, drafting committee chairman etc. Second part was to figure out the knowledge of students regarding the structure of the constitution like number of parts, schedules etc. third part was to analyze the knowledge of students regarding the themes like which part abolishes untouchability, which part talks about right to education etc, sample size was 123,.survey was conducted in Mumbai, Pune , Satara, among the MSW students.

For the question, when did the constitution of India came into force only 36 were able to give the correct answer, the most rightly answered question was who was the chairman of Indian constitution drafting committee 91 answered  it rightly as Dr. Babasaheb Ambedkar compared to the awareness regarding history, awareness on structure and themes were very less. For example only 17 gave right answer for the question, how many parts are there in Indian constitution, only 21 gave the right answer for the question, which part consist of fundamental rights. not even 10 were able to write all our fundamental rights correctly, only 37 mentioned correctly 73rd and 74th amendment, only 40 answered correctly the article that abolishes untouchability, 44 didn't answer the question, 'do you think it's important to know Indian constitution'.

My argument is that students even from MSW course have a very general understanding of constitution. This is because of the way it's taught. In our schools and colleges only some primary information regarding constitution is shared. In-depth and organized knowledge should be provided regarding constitution right from school level and this knowledge should be organized around history, structure and themes because as Indians we owe our obligation to constitution of India. It is the document that replaced manusmriti and also it is the origin of any policy, legislation and reform for social change.

Deepika (MSW 2nd year)

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http://dalitandtribe.wordpress.com/2010/01/30/revolution-counter-revolution-and-constitution/

Some introspection on future of Buddhism

By Dr. K. Jamanadas
There are some articles appearing in local Ambedkarite Press about the strength of Buddhists in various parts of the country. [Dr. G.K.Dongavgaokar, "Bahujan Nayak", 26.10.2001] Dr. Ambedkar taught us the way of the Buddha to keep away from all misery. He taught us that we all are the descendants of the Nagas, who are now represented by the SC/ST and OBCs of today, and converts from these to other egalitarian faiths. Dr. Ambedkar wished us to achieve political power and wanted to make all India Buddhist. Neither of his two missions seem to have been fulfilled as yet.

According to 1991 census total Indian population was 836 million, out of which 130 million SCs, 60 million STs, and 424 million OBCs. The Buddhists were 0.76% of total population. SCs were 15%. Total population of Buddhists was 6.3 million. There are 25 states and Union Territories where Buddhists are less than 1%, and 16 districts have not a single Buddhist. Maharashtra has 6.39%. Then only the North East (excluding Assam and Nagaland) has an average of about 5% of traditional Buddhist population, Himachal 1.24% - perhaps due to Dalai Lama, top most is Sikkim with 27.18%. Laddhak is not mentioned. The States of Bihar, Rajasthan, Andhra, Tamilnadu, Karnataka, Hariyana, U.P., Gujarat, Kerala, Orrisa, Punjab and surprisingly Nagaland and Assam has negligible population of Buddhists.

Concentrating only on Maharashtra, we find that Mahars are 6.45%, non-Mahar SCs are 4.64% and Registered Buddhists are 6.39% of total population. Nine Districts of Vidarbha and three of Marathwada only have more than average of 6.39%, Akola being highest of 16.79%. Mumbai has highest (557,089) and Nagpur district second highest (493,208) numbers.

The numbers are diminishing from census to census from Nashik, Ahmednagar, Sholapur and Sangali Districts, whereas other western Maharashtra districts dwindle from year to year. We have to find out why. I have a feeling that it is because, many Buddhists register themselves as Hindus for the sake of Reservation facilities. They are de facto Buddhists but de jure Hindus. But the Election commission has already reduced the reserved seats in Parliament and legislatures. As now the Buddhists are getting reservation facilities in services etc. people are registering themselves as Buddhists, so we see dwindling figures.

To create casteless society is the aim

The struggle for destruction of Caste should have to precede the spread of Buddhism, but need not be a precondition. Equitable distribution of land and fast implementation of Land Reforms is the need of the day. The elite rulers know that this will dilute the hegemony of Brahmins, and so such reforms are not implemented by the present rulers for last half a century. Dalits feel and contrast the honesty of the British, who imparted education to lower castes knowing well that this will enable these people to drive them away.

Here comes the necessity of political power. None of your aims can be achieved without political power. The ground has to be prepared by the religious moral thought by the thinkers for a new rule to start, as explained by Dr. Ambedkar. Maurya Dynasty started after the Buddha and Mahavira, Christian states flourished after the teachings of Jesus, Islamic states flourished throughout the world after the Prophet, Shivaji established his kingdom after cultural revolution of Tukaram, and Ranjit Singh established his kingdom after the cultural revolution of the Sikh Gurus.

This is all true. But it is only a half truth. The full truth is that, the religion to spread further, after initial planting of the seeds, requires the support of the State. Buddhism only spread after the efforts of Ashoka, Milinda and Kanishka. Brahmanism flourished after the counter-revolution of Pushyamitra and invasion and destruction of small republics of Nagas by Somudragupta. Islam spread in India not only by the efforts of Sufi saints but also the Sultanate at Delhi helped. Christianity spread in India not only by the Missionaries, who undeniably did a good job, but also by the rule of the Portuguese, the French and the British. Now that the British have left leaving the reigns of power to the Brahmanical Social Order (BSO), the religion of BSO is bound to flourish. But the flourishing of BSO means bringing back the slavery of the masses. That is the reason why RSS is trying to maintain power.

Unity of SC/ST is not enough

The masses comprise of SC/ST/OBC as seen above. The rule of democracy implies rule by majority, with safeguards to minorities. But in India it is other way round, the minority BSO rules and there are some trivial safeguards to the majority Dalitbahujans. If this has to change, there is a need of Unity of all "Natural allies". We ALL have to unite, dissolving our own identity if comes to that. I have written on this time and again. But the stages of unity start from political unity and end in social unity passing through the religious unity. Who are the "natural" allies of SC/STs? The OBCs of course.

Atrocities on Dalits and OBCs

For a Dalit, atrocities are a part of daily life, as Raja Sekhar Vundru, mentions:

"... Atrocities are part of their daily life. For Dalits persecution is as old as Shambuka, denial as old as Eklavya; revolution as old as Buddha; valor as old as Asura; slavery as old as dasyu and untouchability as old as touch. Nevertheless, Manudharma's tentacles are wide spread and all-compassing." ["The Pioneer", 30 Jan. 2000]

OBCs, except perhaps a few in "creamy layer", are also not immune from it. The fate of MBCs is not much different from that of Dalits. Phoolan Devi, mentioned during one of her TV interviews shown recently after her murder, that every BC woman has to face possibility of rape, every day, when she goes to field to answer call of nature.

Murder, rape, arson are events of every day life for Dalits and BCs. Dr. Tulsiram has observed:

"... The religion based on caste system has annihilated millions of Dalits over the centuries. About three million Dalit women have been raped and around one million Dalits killed from the time of Independence. This is 25 times more than number of soldiers killed during the wars fought after independence. That is why Dalits do not need Aryan culture or Hindu Dharma based on caste any more. ..." [Dr. Tulsiram, "The Pioneer", 30 Jan. 2000]

Caste hatred towards Dr. Ambedkar

Many UCs argue, these days, that all old scriptures are outdated and need not be criticized by opponents. But it must be remembered that the leaders of religion like Heads of Pithas, Mahantas, Shankaracharyas or the leaders of organizations propagating the religion have done nothing to declare that these books are out of date and should not be followed. On the contrary, we find that even personalities like Ambedkar are denigrated on caste basis.

When Dr. Ambedkar was trying for "Hindu Code Bill", which was to remove the injustice on Hindu women, Jereshastri the then Shankaracharya of Sankeswara Pitha, wrote:

"... Milk or Ganga water may be holy, but if it comes through a nallah or a gutter, it can not be considered sacred. Similarly, the 'Dharmasastra' howsoever it may be authentic, it can not be considered authentic because it has come from a 'Mahar' like Dr. Ambedkar. Ambedkar is a scholar, it is said that his study of scriptures is great, but he is an 'antyaja' . How can the Ganga of Scriptures coming from the nallah of Ambedkar be holy? It must be discardable like milk coming from the gutter..." [' Nav Bharat ', daily, 21 Jan. 1950, q/b Yashwant Manohar 1999: p.73]

What do OBCs have to say?

It has been repeatedly seen that the atrocities committed on SC/ST/Buddhists are always done by the OBCs, and never directly by the BSO. The hand that throws the burning torches over the huts of Dalits belongs to an OBC but his brain belongs to BSO. This is what all of us, the SCs, STs, and OBCs have to realize. Unless this happens, there can be no unity.

What are the chances of this happening? Contrary to the thinking of some scholars, I feel the chances are very bright these days because of the awakening of OBCs. If the leaders of the Oppressed could force such an unity, the results would be appreciable, otherwise, the OBC, which form the bigger section of the equally oppressed lot, could join hands with the oppressors. In a way, the future of this country depends on OBCs. Post-Mandal Commission OBC is not the same, there is awakening, though may be not enough. Many OBC scholars including A. H. Salunkhe, a prominent OBC thinker and writer of Maharashtra and many of his co-workers are advising the OBCs to realize that OBCs and the Dalits are co- sufferers. They are propagating that Vedic culture came into being after the destruction of Indus Culture. Among those who opposed Vedic culture, prominent was the Buddha and his movement was much more powerful than that of Phule, Shahu and Ambedkar. ['Prabuddha Bharat', 30.4.2000]

He also said that, Amartya Sen, the Nobel Laureate, pointed out that the main reason why education did not reach the grass root levels in India was that machinery of education remained in the hands of fistful of priests, as contrasted against in nations like Sri Lanka and others, because they were following Buddhism. ['Prabuddha Bharat', 30.4.2000]

Amartya Sen, when questioned by journalists about his preceptor and the father of his ideals on Welfare State, had acknowledged the Buddha as his 'guru' and Ashoka as his ideal, a fact which never appeared in any BSO media. ['Prabuddha Bharat', 30.4.2000]

Salunkhe explained how Indus Culture was followed by Vedic onslaught, how Buddhism was followed by Counter-revolution by Manu, how Saints and Shivaji was followed by Peshawai and now how after the revolution of Phule, Shahu and Ambedkar we are faced with danger of destruction of this system by Brahmanic counter- revolution by the R.S.S.

If we wish to avert this calamity the Bahujans and Dalits must sort out the points of conflicts and unite, he stressed. ['Prabuddha Bharat', 30.4.2000]

Salunkhe urged the OBCs to discard Wamana as an incarnation, and questioned how he can be our ideal instead of Bali. He also opined that OBC youths should reexamine the 'Gita', and if it teaches you to follow the duties of 'Chaturvarnya', you would be required to throw it away. 'Gita' talks of

'swadharma', which does not mean Hindu or Islam religion, it means "Chaturvarnya dharma". He asked OBCs to evaluate the history of the Buddha through their own values instead of those of Manu, Shankara or Brahmanic books. He asked them to examine their own religion and ask themselves what exactly, it offers them. It offers nothing but slavery, he stressed. ['Prabuddha Bharat', 30.4.2000]

Salunkhe averred that it is a false history, taught to us that Shankara defeated Buddhism, but if he had evolved some strategy and helped its decline, not only for Dalits, but also even for people in grass root level, and for those who call themselves as Kshatriyas and for Marathas and Kunbis and OBCs, it was not a golden day of glory but it is was a moment of pushing them into darkness and slavery.

He advised that the sufferings of Dalits are the sufferings of OBCs, and vice versa . We are not fighting against any caste, not even Brahmins, but against a system of inequality imposed over Dalits and OBCs by the religious books. Some OBCs think they are Kshatriyas, and should side with Brahmins because of our scriptures which condemn the 'Shudras' and not the 'Kshatriyas'. Their mentality is to accept the slavery of Brahmins but not to consider Dalits equal to themselves. But if you see the reality, you would find that not only Ekalavya and Shambuka suffered but also Tukaram, an OBC saint, suffered. For the scriptures, Dalits and OBCs are both 'Shudras' and both deserve condemnation and are deprived from their rights. Today OBCs are projected as neo- Kshatriyas and made to fight against Muslims and Dalits, but they must not forget that they are being used as tools and will the thrown away after their utility ends. If the merit is important, there is no doubt that Shivaji's merit as a 'Kshatriya' was proved. Why then his coronation was opposed by the Brahmins of Maharashtra. Today Dalits honour Shivaji and Shahu with full reverence, not as a strategy or convenience, but from the bottom of their hearts, then why OBCs should not honour Ambedkar likewise? ['Prabuddha Bharat', 30.4.2000]

Similar views were expressed by him later in "First Maratha Sahitya Sammelan" held later at Amravati in Vidarbha. This literary meet of Marathas was highly maligned by Brahmanical press and scholars.

Similar views like Salunkhe are expressed by many OBC workers, institutions, scholars and journals of, for and by the OBCs. If such a time is not considered favorable for unity of the oppressed, there will never be a better period coming. It must be properly realized that the ultimate fate of India depends upon what course of action the OBCs take. The Dalits do not wish to lead a life of Slavery under the Brahmins, and always wished to free themselves from it one way or the other. If the present movement of Ambedkarites for conversion to Buddhism is sabotaged and if it fails, they would find other alternatives, which may not be that palatable to the BSO. It is for the OBCs to decide whether to join Ambedkarite movement against BSO.

OBCs are misled to believe they are rulers

That the political power in Independent democratic India is mostly in the hands of the OBCs, is true, but only technically. OBCs now realize that the real power is evading them. What is the reason? The real reason, in our opinion, is that these people are not concerned with their "Cultural Slavery" under the BSO.

Many examples of Brahmanic hostility towards OBCs can be cited. The Govt. of Maharashtra under Sharad Pawar had declared the ban on certain books which had derogatory remarks about OBCs. But perhaps it was not effected. The then President of Marathi Sahitya Sammelan held at Panaji (Goa) a few years back, Ram Shewalkar, criticized the Maharashtra Govt. for this decision as, he claimed, it was against the "freedom of speech", going out of the way by speaking what was not in the printed speech.

The then Chairman of the Marathi Sanskruti Mandal, a Govt. organization for promotion of literature, criticized that an OBC saint Tukdoji Maharaj, who played a great role during Independence movement, is termed as "Rashtra Sant" , but in his opinion, only a 17th century Brahmin saint Ramdas deserved this appellation. Everybody knows about notorious couplets of Ramdas claiming that though a Brahmin becomes corrupt, he still remains the greatest and is guru of all others.

Not long time back, the word "Kunbi" was shown to have been included in a dictionary mentioned having derogatory meaning, for which the publisher had to apologize.

At all these times, OBCs had protested. Sometimes, in their caste functions, they talk of denouncing the Brahmanic slavery. They talk that Eklavya was deceived by Dronacharya, that killing of Shambuka, who they claim was of 'Teli' community, was wrong. But they can not, at least yet, deny the grip of cultural slavery on their minds.
(Continued tomorrow)

http://www.infolanka.com/org/srilanka/cult/7.htm


Original Buddhism And Brahminic Interference
K. Jamanadas

A member of the UK Buddhist Society, and Psychology Ph. D. student and a researcher for an important Broadcasting channel in U. K. (Department of Religion and Ethics), wished me to clarify:

"whether it was the 'Brahmins' who included certain misogenous additions to the Sutta Pitaka, and why they might have done this? What would they have to gain? As these attitudes were already prevalent at the time and are only really offensive to modern sentiments." 

Yes sir! It was the Brahmins who included certain misogenous additions to the Sutta Pitaka. Why? - To maintain their hegemony! They did have the ability and the opportunities and they did edit the Pali Canon and did more to discredit Buddhism by changing many other teachings too! These are my personal views and there is no intention to hurt the feelings of anybody.

The fight from inside

It must be understood that the preaching of equality among the masses was detrimental to the hegemony the Brahmins were enjoying for all times before the Buddha. When that was challenged and when yajnyas were opposed by the Buddha, their livelihood came in jeopardy. They fought Buddhism both ways, from outside as well as by entering the Sangha. The prejudice of supremacy was not altogether gone from the minds of the Brahmins even after joining the Sangha. Their battle from outside is well known. Here is the story of their fight from within the Sangha.

There were varnas and no castes in the times of the Buddha. For the first time, the caste is seen in 'Gautam Dharma Sutra', which is dated about one hundred years after the Buddha. The Brahmins felt that they were superior to others. But the Brahmins are not superior - all are equal - said the Buddha, as can be seen in Assalayan Sutta and Vasettha Sutta and many other places.

Brahmins kept the same name to their caste as their varna, whereas gave different names to castes of other varnas, thus uniting themselves and disuniting others. Later, they declared there are no Kshatriyas after Nandas and there being hardly any difference between Vaishyas and Shudras, the real struggle in India all throughout the history is between Brahmins and non-Brahmins.

It may be of interest to note that Chandragupta Maurya is not mentioned in Brahmin literature till about one thousand years, when a fiction drama Mudra-rakshasa mentions him in 8th century A.D. It is important to realize that everything in Tipitaka is not original Dhamma of the Buddha. So scholars, specially those in Pali Text Society of London, have tried to find out original teachings.

Scholars in UK have better access to their works and they could explore it better. More research is needed in this field. I believe Mrs. Rhys Davids has written a book on the subject "What was the original Gospel in Buddhism", published in U. K. But I could not get it in India.

The First Council Mahakassapa was the Brahmin Bhikku who presided over the First Sangiti. The Buddha had exchanged Chivars with him, which shows his respect and status in the Sangha. It is usually believed that Abhiddhamma Pitaka is by Mahakassapa, though some believe it to be by Sariputta. It is said that Sariputta was called Dammasenapati, and was whole and sole in the Sangha and he would lead after the Buddha. So both were having positions of importance and prestige created for them by puttings the words in the mouth of the Buddha to that effect.


Sariputta wrote Niddesh, which is a commentary on Sutta Nipat in Sutta Pitaka, thus creating a tradition of writing of comentary on a book of the Tipitakas. This phenomenon seems rather strange, to say the least, because many times the comentaries become more important than the original. Many passages in the Tipitakas show glorification of Brahmins.

Sangit pariyay Sutta in Digha Nikaya is written by Sariputta. This does not contain samyak Noble eightfold path, but mithya eight-fold path. This misled Mrs. Rhys Davids into saying that the Noble Eight-fold Path was not original gospel of the Buddha. Dhamma Chakka Pavattana Sutta, containg the Noble Eight-fold Path is the main base of the Buddha's teachings, and it appears that Sariputta tried to destroy its importance.

Many nuns, who had active role in spread of Buddhism like Mahaprajapati Gotami, Vishakha, Ambrapali were mostly non-Brahmins. Non-brahmin nun, Khema, the former queen of Bimbisara, actually had debated with Pasenadi, the King of Kosala. The contribution of non-brahmin nuns in spreading the Dhamma was far greater than the brahmin nuns.

Mrs. Caroline Rhys Davids wrote in Psalms of Brothers and Sisters about number of Brahmins in the Sangha. It was 113 Brahmins out of total 259 in Buddha's life time. Rhys Davids has averred that Brahmins were not loyal disciples and were not loyal preachers. Bhante Anand and Upali and other non Brahmins were the actual preachers. But Brahmins were enjoying life of comfort in viharas.

When non-Brahmin bhikkus were visiting the non-Brahmin upasakas, they were warned that they should not have taken Brahmins in the Sangha since they would destroy the Sangha. This is the opinion of Rhys Davids. So it is not a modern sentiment alone. Two Brahmins Bhikkus Yamelu and Tekul, in Vinaya Pitaka, mentioned to the Buddha that people from different classes are likely to corrupt the Buddha vachana and asked for permission to preserve them in Sanskrit.


Buddha asked them to preserve in any language but never in Sanskrit. It was and still is the language exclusively of Brahmins. He further said that one who did that would be liable for Dukkhita offense (Offense for bad deed). Sanskrit was not the spoken language of masses, it was language restricted to Brahmins only.

The Second Council

Second Sangiti was the crucial point in the history of Sangha. The reason for disputes given by Sri Lankan tradition is that ten rules of Vinaya were not observed by those who broke away. Chinese Tibetan tradition says the doctrinal changes of Mahadeva was the cause. Both are very flimsy grounds to break up - an offense of Sanghadises.

There must be other reasons, which become apparent if we look at the activities of those who broke up. These Brahmins were calling themselves Mahasanghikas. They were all Eastern Bhikkus and had captured even Rajgriha and Nalanda and Vaishali. They wrote in Sanskrit. As nobody knew Sanskrit except Brahmins, it follows that they were mostly, if not all, Brahmins. It becomes clear that it was their intention, to start with, to divide the Buddhist Sangha.

After they split, they not only changed the Vinaya — about which they had a grudge and for which they had a 'mahasangiti' — but they also changed the 'Dhamma' and laid down new Dhamma contrary to the established one.

They claimed originality and orthodoxy, but declared Buddha as lokottara — superhuman, having no worldly attributes — 'sashrava dharmas', and his 'rupa kaya' has limitless powers, he is always in trance — 'samadhi'. He came to earth for enlightenment of worldly beings. Bodhisatva concept was put forward. They believed in plurality of Buddhas and changed the summum bonum from Arhanthood to Buddhahood. Thus degrading the 'arhants' - followers of Pali Buddhism.

All this, you could not really say, happened because of ten rules of Vinaya. It shows their intention — to start with — was to divide the Sangha and not just ten minor rules like eating of salt etc. Sanskrit speaking Bhikkus in Mathura region also formed their own Bhikku Sangha separating from the original Bhikku Sangha and called themselves Sarvastivadins. The remaining original Sangha was Pali speaking, which was the original mother tongue and language of all northern and central India, and was known as Sthavirvadi. They were present at Avanti (now Ujjayin) in Central India in MP.

It was the Avanti Tipitaka which was taken to Ceylon by Mahinda, son of Asoka the Great. Its language is akin to that of the Girnar edict. These Bhikkus lost all influence in Eastern India - the original area of the Buddha. Thus Sangha got divided into three Buddhist orders. It must be understood, as Rhys Davids pointed out, wherever the Buddha went - and he had come to west right up to Mathura and beyond - he did not require the assistance of any interpreters. The masses knew the language of the Buddha.

Whereas these Bhikkus avoided the language of masses and went nearer to Brahminism by adopting Sanskrit their doctrines led in later times the formation of Mahayana school. Asoka was Buddhist before Kalinga war. He removed sixty thousand Bhikkus from the Sangha as they were not following original Buddhism in Pali. The Vinaya Pitaka was closed before Asoka. There is no mention of Asoka in Tipitakas and this proves that he did not interfere with the Tipitakas, as mentioned by Rhys Davids.

It is not proper to use the word Sangiti for further religious conventions. In Third conference in Asokan reign, the President was Mogalliputta Tissa, the preceptor of Asoka, who was a Brahmin. Text of whole Tipitaka was finalized by this conference.

The Buddhist Scriptures were known as "Dhamma" and "Vinaya" during first and second Sangitis. Mogalliputta Tissa enlarged the writings of Mahakassapa and Sariputta and gave them a shape of "Abhiddhamma Pitaka" containing seven books, and one of his own books called "Katha vatthu".

Abhiddhamma is made difficult for the masses by adding philosophical and metaphysical discussions without any profit to the common man. The future Mahayanist developed the same concepts into full fledged philosophy. Mahayanists followed the traditions of Mahasanghikas. Tissa thus awarded recognition and prestige to Abhidhamma by putting them in Pitakas - a tradition far away from the original teachings of the Buddha.

The Buddha had said your guru in future will be 'Dhamma' and 'Vinaya'. Why should it be called Three Pitakas? It was Mogaliputta Tissa who introduced the nomenclature of Pitakas as Vinaya, Sutta, and Abhidhamma and introduced an ordinary book like Chariya Pitaka, which was given prestige of Pitaka, as if it was original. Incarnation and rebirth was introduced here in Chariya Pitaka. Majjhim Nikaya - Chul Dukkh Khanda Sutta clearly mentions that the Buddha had said that there is only one birth and that is the present one.

Due to Chariyapitaka, with 34 short stories turned into verse, the technical Jatakas were later thought of by the Attakathakaras. Paramitas were added for each birth. Thus it can be proved that Sutta Pitaka had been tampered with by the Brahmin Bhikkus. Asoka reigned from 272 - 232 B.C. In 251 B.C. the Tipitaka and Pali Attakathas got closed in India and went to Sri Lanka in 250 B.C. along with Mahinda and here the role of Indian Bhikkus was more or less finished as far as Tipitaka was concerned.

In Sri Lanka, Mahinda translated the Pali Attakathas into Sinhalese but not the Tipitakas. During Vattagamini's rule around 80 B.C. the Tipitaka was reduced to writing.

Brahmins got some setback during Asoka's reign, socially and politically, as Asoka treated non Brahmins and Brahmins on equal footing. The Shudras and forest folks were treated with respect and also got Government jobs. Even Buddha had asked to give employment to Shudras.

Counter Revolution by Brahminism

In Brahminic priestly circles, Panini around 350 B.C. brought in Sanskrit grammar, changed all old Vedic language. A century later around 250 B.C. Katyayana, who ridiculed Asoka as a 'grass eating king', flourishes and makes Sanskrit more hardened and restricted. This is furthered by Patanjali around 150 B.C. - after Pushyamitra's counter-revolution - actually started Ashwamegha sacrifices.

Last Mauryan Buddhist king Bhahidrath was assassinated around 185 B.C by his Brahmin commander of army - Pushyamitra Shunga - who usurps the throne, comes to power and open massacre of the Buddhists starts. They got entry to Sangha and now could manipulate, gradually and slowly but firmly changed the concepts in Pali, the concepts of Buddhist canonical words like Bodhisatva etc. and gave them new meanings. New concepts are brought in.

All these concepts are Mahayanist. Mahayana spread all over the world, it slowly changed and went nearer to Brahminism. After Pushyamitra came to power, they captured viharas, killed the Bhikkus, who were predominently Pali speaking, as we do not see any non-Brahmin and Pali speaking Bhikku of any stature after Pushyamitra Shunga's counter-revolution. Of course, these things would not be recorded.

Overseas Buddhists, who are not conversant with the Chaturvarnya and caste system feel that Brahmins helped Buddhism. It is not too difficult to comprehend these changes if one recollects the present day Indian scenario of previous political party passing over reigns of power to present rulers.

During the post Pushyamitra period, we see only one important book in Pali, i.e. Milind-Panho having dialogues of King Milinda with Nagsena, a Brahmin Bhikku. The first three chapters of the book are in keeping with the original ideas of the Buddha, but after that the rest of the book tends to lean towards the Brahminic ideology and concepts are imaginary and miraculous. The Chinese translation of this book does not contain these last chapters.

In the reign of Kanishka and later the beginning of Christian era, the Mahayanists take over. Brahmins like Ashwaghosha and Nagarjuna flourished. Ashvaghosha wrote 'Buddha Charita'. He depicted Siddhartha in company of women and that is the only biography of the Buddha that is available today. The Buddha in original Tipitaka is forgotten.

Ashvaghosha tried to spoil character of Buddha by saying he was in company of women. Impossible stories that Siddhartha had not known what death is - though he was trained in arms - are shown as the cause of Siddhartha leaving home. Sanskrit is thrust on the Sangha, long metaphysical and philosophical treatises are created by scholars like Nagarjuna and Ashwaghosha, which are hardly intelligible to common masses, and are meant only for Sanskrit knowing scholars.

The image of the Buddha is produced and its worship starts. The Brahmin priests copy this and make images of their own gods like Vishnu. After a long drawn out battle for centuries - struggle which is the whole history of India - which cannot be discussed here, the Brahmins get success in eclipsing the religion of the Buddha.

The Mahayanist changes are far reaching, as is well known. The personality of the Buddha is changed from a human being to something like a divine being, three-kaya doctrine is introduced, even the aim of Buddhism is changed from Nibbana to Buddha-hood. Concept of Arhant is replaced by that of Bodhisatva. This all bridges the gap between the Brahminic religion and Buddhist religion. From the point of view of common man, there remains not much difference between Buddhism and Brahminism.

The last phases

The last phases of Pali literature take place in Sri Lanka. There is always a contact between Bhikkus of Sri Lanka and those of India. After image of Buddha is manufactured in India, we find an image installed in Anuradhpura in Sri Lanka. The three famous Attakathakars — Buddhadatta, Buddhaghosha and Dhammapala — flourished during fourth fifth century AD.

Let us only consider Buddhaghosha, the greatest name in commentaries. He was a Brahmin from the land of the Bodhi tree i.e. Buddha Gaya, and well versed in Vedas since childhood, wandered all over India, gave a noted discourse on 'patanjal yoga', met there Bhikku Revata who converted him to Buddhism and sent him to Sri Lanka, presumably with ill intentions.

He goes to Sri Lanka, proves his ability by writing Vissuddhimagga, and undertakes the work of writing Attakathas, the work which was started by Buddhadatta and left unfinished. The Attakathas which were translated into Sinhalese by Mahinda are retranslated into Pali. So far so good. But then he burns the old Attakathas of Mahinda and leaves no trace of verifying the correctness of his translations.

The surprising part is that Sri Lankans allow him to do that. As is well known these Attakathas are full of miracles and superhuman ideas, not in consonance with the original ideas of the Buddha.

The greatest distortion added by the Attakathakaras was the creation of technical Jatakas. They did this by adding the commentaries and identification to verses from Chariya Pitaka. Thus the old stories, fables and parables - which were in pre-Buddhist Indian folklore having nothing to do with the Buddhism - were turned into Jatakas, which now became authentic rebirth stories of the Buddha. Seeing this, one must lament at the loss of Mahinda's original commentaries.

This is in short the story of Brahminic interference and sabotaging the Buddha's religion from inside. The outside battle by the Brahmins is too well known to be mentioned.

This is in no way to denigrate other forms of Buddhism, neither to say all Brahmins were against Buddha's teachings, but just to show how some important Brahmins deviated from the original tenets of the Buddha, which were simple, easy to follow and free from metaphysical speculations. Even then, they did not accept God and atma, chaturvarnya, veda pramanya, austerities and concept of accumulation of punya by visits to tirthas.

Thus the points which differentiate Buddhism from Brahminism are these five, as was pronounced by Dharmakirti in later times.


Copyright ©2002 K. Jamanadas.


Pusyamitra Sunga

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Sunga masculine figurine (molded plate). 2nd-1st century BCE.

Pusyamitra Sunga (died 151 BCE, r. 185–151 BCE) was the founder and first King of the Sunga Dynasty in Northern India.

Pusyamitra Sunga was originally a Senapati (General) of the Mauryan empire. In 185 BCE he assassinated the last Mauryan Emperor (Brhadrata) during an army review, and proclaimed himself King. He then performed the Ashwamedha Yajna and brought much of Northern India under his rule. Inscriptions of the Shungas have been found as far as the Jalandhar in the Punjab, and the Divyavadana mentions that his rule extended as far as Sagala (Sialkot).

Contents

 [hide]

[edit]Pusyamitra Sunga's Reign

Pushyamitra's reign was marked by warfare, wherein he and his successors fought the Indo Greeks, Kalingas, Satavahanas (Andhras), and possibly the kingdoms of Panchala and Mathura(which may not have been under his rule).

Following the assassination of Brhadrata, in 180 BCE the Greco-Bactrian Kingdom invaded Sunga lands with an army led by Demetrius I of Bactria. The Greco-Bactrians overran Arachosia, Gedrosia, the Punjab, and perhaps Mathura. Pushyamitra may have regained some of the lost territory,[citation needed] with the Ashvamedha terminating at the Indus late in his reign (Kulke?[citation needed]).

Pusyamitra may have been attacked by King Kharavela of Kalinga (modern Orissa). Kharavela's inscriptions claim that he forced a King ofMagadha named "Bahasatimita", (thought to be the Sunga King Brhaspatimitra, or Pusyamitra himself) to bow at his feet. However, this has not been confirmed as dates for Kharavela range several centuries.

[edit]Accounts of Persecution

[edit]Legendary accounts

Pusyamitra Shunga is believed in tradition to have been hostile towards Buddhists and to have persecuted the Buddhist faith.

According to the 2nd century Ashokavadana:

"Then King Pusyamitra equipped a fourfold army, and intending to destroy the Buddhist religion, he went to the Kukkutarama. (...) Pusyamitra therefore destroyed the sangharama, killed the monks there, and departed.
After some time, he arrived in Sakala, and proclaimed that he would give a hundred dinara reward to whoever brought him the head of a Buddhist monk" (Shramanas) Ashokavadana, 133, trans. John Strong.

A Buddhist tradition holds him as having taken steps to check the spread of Buddhism as "the number one enemy of the sons of theShakya's[1] and a most cruel persecutor of the religion".[2] The Divyavadana ascribes to him the razing of stupas and viharas built by Ashoka, and describes him as one who wanted to undo the work of Ashoka.[3]

[edit]Academic debate

Some historians have rejected Pushyamitra' s persecution of Buddhists. The traditional narratives are dated to two centuries after Pushyamitra's death in Asokâvadâna and the Divyâvadâna, Buddhist books of legend. The traditional accounts are often described as exaggerated. The Asokavadana legend is likely a Buddhist version of Pusyamitra's attack on the Mauryas, reflecting the declining influence of Buddhism in the Sunga Imperial court.

Among the detractors is Romila Thapar, who writes that archaeological evidence casts doubt on the claims of Buddhist persecution by Pushyamitra.[4] Support of the Buddhist faith by the Sungas at some point is suggested by an epigraph on the gateway of Barhut, which mentions its erection "during the supremacy of the Sungas".[5]

On the other hand, Sir John Marshall noted that the Sanchi stupa was vandalized during the 2nd century before it was rebuilt later on a larger scale, suggesting the possibility that the original brick stupa built by Ashoka was destroyed by Pusyamitra and then restored by his successor Agnimitra.[6] Similarly, the Deokothar Stupas (geographically located between Sanchi and Barhut) suffered destruction during the same period, also suggesting some kind of involvement of Sunga rule.[7] Proponents also point to the proclamations and claim that the Manu Smriti was propagated.

[edit]Succession of the Throne

Pusyamitra Shunga was succeeded in 151 BCE by his son Agnimitra.

[edit]Notes

  1. ^ Gautama Buddha was held to be from the tribe of the Shakya's (Alt terms: Shaka/Shakya) and his title Shakyamuni means "sage of the Shakas".
  2. ^ Charles (EDT) Willemen, Bart Dessein, Collett Cox, "Sarvastivada Buddhist Scholastism", 1998, Brill Academic Publishers pg.38-39
  3. ^ Ashok Kumar Anand, "Buddhism in India", 1996, Gyan Books, ISBN 8121205069, pg 91-93
  4. ^ Asoka and the Decline of the Mauryas by Romila Thapar, Oxford University Press, 1960 P200
  5. ^ John Marshall "A guide to Sanchi", p11
  6. ^ Sir John Marshall, "A Guide to Sanchi", Eastern Book House, 1990, ISBN 8185204322, pg.38
  7. ^ Article on Deokothar Stupas possibly being targeted by Pushyamitra

[edit]See also

[edit]References

  • John Strong, The Legend of King Asoka, A Study and Translation of the Asokavadana, Princeton Library of Asian translations (1983)ISBN 0-691-01459-0

[edit]External links

Preceded by
Mauryan Dynasty
Brhadrata		 King of Sunga Dynasty
185–151 BCE		 Succeeded by
Agnimitra

Actress Celine Jaitley: My God, what a tragic loss... Husain saab is no more... I met him last in Dubai at the Emirates Towers some months ago... just cannot believe it.

Abhishek Bachchan: Very sad to hear of the passing of M F Hussain saab. A wonderful person and a great artist. May his soul rest in peace.

Shekhar Kapur: MF Husain who seemed ageless, painting till his last days leaves us with 1 of India's greatest legacy of Art.

Dev Anand: Very sad to hear that the great M.F.Husain is no more, RIP.

Actor Aftab Shivdasani: "Legendary Painter M.F. Husain passed away. May his soul rest in peace... My prayers for him and his family.

Fashion photographer Atul Kasbekar: I hope Husain saab can b allowed to finally rest in his homeland. Will miss you sir. U have been a tremendous source of energy n inspiration.

Actor Ranvir Shorey: RIP, MF Husain, son, lover and nemesis of India.

Actress Neha Dhupia: The end of yet another genius, MF Husain RIP.

India

Ramdev declares his assets, hides more, reveals less

Divya Iyer , CNN-IBN
Updated Jun 09, 2011 at 10:28pm IST
More on:
Baba Ramdev
asset declaration
Acharya Balkrishna

New Delhi: Baba Ramdev on Thursday made an attempt to silence his critics by giving details of his business empire. The yoga guru listed capital and expenses of his trusts but remained silent on companies run by his trusts. In the end he ended up hiding more than what he revealed.

A smiling Acharya Balkrishna declared the overall worth of Brand Baba Ramdev - an empire estimated to be worth Rs 1177 crore by Baba's own admission.

"We are taking this first step to respond to all the allegations that have been levelled against us by the government," said Balkrishna.

But Baba Ramdev and his aides were careful in giving details of their assets, only revealing wealth accumulated in trusts exempted under IT laws and remaining mum on companies floated by them.

Baba's net worth

The Divyaoga Mandir Trust has a capital base of Rs 249.63 crores

The Patanjali Yogpeeth Trust has Rs 164.80 crores

Bharat Swabhiman Trust has Rs 9.97 crores

Acharya Kulumbh Siskhshan Sansthan has a capital base of Rs 1.69 crores

But these disclosures also throw up several questions:

How many companies have really been floated by Baba Ramdev and his associates?

What is the nature of business that these companies are involved in?

Who are the big donors for Ramdev's trusts that have an accumulated wealth of Rs 426 cr?

Why hasn't Ramdev declared his Income Tax Returns as well if his empire is over a Rs 1000 cr?

What is the overall value of land that's been allotted to Baba Ramdev and his trusts or companies?

"The main reason for floating companies was that there were things that couldn't be done through our trusts," said Baba Ramdev.

Perhaps Ramdev realises that the government heat now is squarely focussed on him. Hence he also chose to scale down his fast by having some honey and lime - a step he chose to take after a visit from the DM of Haridwar.

http://ibnlive.in.com/news/ramdevs-accounting-jugglery-hides-more-reveals-less/158045-3.html

The art of living

Hindustan Times - ‎1 hour ago‎
Maqbool Fida Husain died in London on Thursday. He was 95. Nice, tame headline, this. But who was he really? Was he the artist who courted controversy because he had painted Hindu deities in the nude in the 1970s and was hounded out of his home, ...

The portrait of an artist

Hindustan Times - ‎1 hour ago‎
In achieving aesthetic and commercial success, MF Husain set new benchmarks for Indian artists. In the small hours of Thursday, the celebrated artist Maqbool Fida Husain breathed his last in a London hospital. He died far away from India, ...

Did India fail MF Husain?

NDTV.com - ‎1 hour ago‎
Artists and activists had lamented MF Husain's inability to live in India because of death threats and legal cases over paintings that Hindu groups described as obscene. Mr Husain left India in 2006. In 2010, he was offered and accepted citizenship of ...

I have not fled India, said MF Husain in his last interview

Times of India - ‎2 hours ago‎
PTI | Jun 9, 2011, 08.37pm IST LONDON: MF Husain might have died Qatari citizen, but the legendary artist had maintained in one of his last interviews that he was neither on self-exile nor had he lost faith in India's democratic system. ...

'My life is like my red Ferrari'

Hindustan Times - ‎1 hour ago‎
As a TV journalist, I've covered art for little more than a decade. That certainly doesn't make me a veteran. But it has made me a lucky person in getting to meet a legend like MF Husain plenty of times. In fact, the first time I ever interviewed him, ...

MF Husain: A life mired in controversies

IBNLive.com - Mf Husian - ‎1 hour ago‎
New Delhi: MF Husain was both loved and loathed in equal measures. Husain was a great modern artist, but he was always more than just his art. In the last years of his life, controversy followed him almost at every step. For right-wing Hindu groups, ...

MF Husain

Telegraph.co.uk - ‎5 minutes ago‎
MF Husain , who died in London yesterday aged 95, was a former billboard artist who rose to become India's most famous painter before going into self-imposed exile after receiving death threats from religious hardliners for his nude images of Hindu ...

MF Husain, fida on nude goddesses

Daily News & Analysis - ‎2 hours ago‎
I've been told MF Husain is no more. But if I am not wrong there were lots more goddesses left to paint before he slept. He wouldn't have bid adieu to this world without getting that simple chore done. Hindu India worships as many as 36000 (or is it ...

One day I'll return to touch my country's soil, Husain wished

Economic Times - ‎1 hour ago‎
NEW DELHI: At 95, MF Husain had just one wish - he wanted to come home and touch the Indian soil, recalls writer K. Bikram Singh about his last conversation with the painter, who died in London Thursday. "I last spoke to Husain in March. ...
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‎11 hours ago‎ - Hindustan Times

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Live! Ramdev declares partial assets: Rs 426 crore

June 09, 2011

18:38 PM  

News today has been hijacked by MF Husain's death. Scroll down for all that happened...

18:37 PM  

His devotees apparently claim that Baba Ramdev will stop darshans if donations stop.

Detailed story on Baba Ramdev and his asset base on rediff.com shortly.

18:33 PM  Ramdev however has declared only partial assets, the assetsof his trusts have not been declared.

18:30 PM  Will DMK breakaway from Cong? Decision tomorrow:  

An upset M Karunanidhi could decide tomorrow on the withdrawal of the DMK Ministers at the Centre at a meeting of the party's top brass in Chennai.


This is the impression gaining ground in Congress circles here ahead of the emergency meeting of the DMK's high-level Action Committee.The meeting, the first after DMK's drubbing in the Assembly polls in which it finished a poor third, is being held in the wake of the Delhi High Court denying bail to DMK

MP and Karunanidhi's daughter, Kanimozhi, in the 2G spectrum case.

She is currently in Tihar jail.

18:22 PM  Baba Ramdev declares his assets: The total capital of different institutions associated with Ramdev is nearly Rs 426 crore, says his organisation.

18:09 PM  May Allah give Husain peace: Thackeray:  On a kinder note, Bal Thackeray also said: "Damage may have been caused to modern art due to his demise. That's all. May Allah give him peace."

18:07 PM  

Sushma Swaraj tweets:

Congress has taken exception to my meeting with Baba Ramdev. Is it that only Congress Ministers can meet Baba Ramdevand not the Leader of Opposition?

17:57 PM  On Twitter: Crying, cross-dressing, violence - this Baba Ramdev affair is the sadhu version of Roadies.

17:56 PM  

Just in: A Libyanofficial has denied the UN report accusing troops of rape; says it is NATO and rebels who are guilty of 'violating human rights'.

See our 11:14 am post: Gaddafi gave Viagra to troops for mass rape

17:50 PM  MNS chief: Family should be allowed India burial:  And here's what MNS boss and nephew, Raj Thackeray said, "Husain was a national asset and his contribution to the field of Indian art can never be overlooked. Whatever controversies happened should be laid to rest with his passing and if his family wishes to bring back the mortal remains home, it should be allowed."

17:42 PM  Thackeray: Husain ek sirfira insaan tha:  

This is what Bal Thackeray said of MF Husain today. We can't give you the Hindi text since this platform won't accept the script, so here's the same thing in English.

MF Husain ek sirfira aur ziddi admi tha. Kala ke mamle mein usne zid chhodne ke bajay desh chhodna pasand kiya...

Husain ne modern art ka kaam kaafi zid se sambhal kar rakha tha. Hindu devtaon ke chitra banaye aur woh isi baat par phasgaya tha. Uske jaane se modern art ki kifi nuksan hua.

The leader of the front-benchers hasn't heard of respecting the dead, we guess... Also, note the use of 'uske' not 'unke'.

17:26 PM  Latest version of India's battle tank to be tested:  

If this kind of testosterone-charged newsis your scene...

The latest version of India's main battle tank, Arjun Mark II, will be tested for the first time at Pokhran in Rajasthan from June 11.Developed by the country's leading defence research and development organisation, the DRDO, the machine and its performance will be closely watched by the Army.

17:12 PM  So far, it seems likely that the painter's last rites will be in London, tomorrow.

17:11 PM  BJP wants MF Husain's last rites in India:  

Our Delhi correspondent says that the BJP has demanded that the last rites of MF Hussain be held in India as per his wishes.

Party General Secretary Ananth Kumar said though Hussain was controversial, he was after all an Indian and so his last rites should be allowed in India in the manner his family and friends want.

16:53 PM  Now, Nano taxis in Lanka!:  

Tata Nano, one of the world's cheapest cars, today entered Sri Lanka's lucrative taxi market with a fleet of 45 cars and an overload of passengers.


A local company launched the service as an alternative to expensive air conditioned taxis, but more comfortable than the ubiquitous three-wheel taxi.

"We launched with 45 cars and hope to raise the fleet to 200 before the end of this year," a spokesman for the Nano Taxi companysaid.


He said the fare was almost half of what is charged by other companies which use Japanese and Korean-made sedans.The Nano Taxi will also employ female drivers, he said.

16:46 PM  Baba Ramdev may be forced glucose drip:  

OK, Baba Ramdev is back in the news. On Day 6 of his fast, the yoga guru has been refusing to take glucose IV. Yesterday, doctors said Ramdev needed to get off his fast soon as he was weak and had recommended glucose.

Apparently, he has agreed to take lemonade and honey. The District Magistrate, Haridwar, says he may be forced to put Baba on a drip this evening.

16:27 PM  MF Husain to be buried in London tomorrow:  No final homecoming then. MF Husain will be buried in London, where he had been staying,tomorrow.

16:16 PM  

Every other person seems to have an MF painting... Unfair world, this. Incidentally, his death ups the value of the paintings 2.5 times stat.

On Twitter

Sucheta Dalal

Murli deora, close friend of MFHussain owns large collection of paintings. Value doubled today, none listed in his assets! :-) PM's farce

Amitabh Bachchan

Hussain's best painting gift to me..a Hanuman with 'jadi buti' flying .. given to me in Breach Candy Hospital, during Coolie episode.

Pritish Nandy

Few people had that zest for living as Husain. My walls are full of his notes and drawings left in my office when I wasnt there.

16:10 PM  CPI)M) politburo goes on Hyderabad junket:  

A Hyderabad junket for the CPI(M) politburo. After their debacle in the Assembly elections in West Bengal and Kerala will be up for discussion and consideration at the three-day meeting in Hyderabad.

"The Central Committee will be held on June 11-12," CPI(M)'s State Secretariat member Y Venkateswara Rao said here today.

The meetings assume significance as they are the first after the Assembly elections in the states of Kerala, West Bengal, Tamil Nadu, Assam and the union territory of Puducherry.

15:48 PM  Maran continuing as minister untenable: BJP:  

The BJP is back to business today doing something worthwhile -- lambasting Union Textiles Minister Dayanidhi Maran's continuation in the Cabinet.

The party said itwas "untenable" in the wake of allegations that he could have indirectly benefitted by pay-offs in a telecom deal. "Maran's continuation as Union Minister is untenable...." BJP's National Secretary Muralidhar Rao said.

Maran is in the eye of a controversy after former Aircel Chief C Sivasankaran alleged that the former as Telecom Minister in 2006 "forced and arm-twisted" him to sell his stake in Aircel to Malaysian firm Maxis, whose owner is considered to be close to Maran and his brother Kalanidhi, who owns Sun TV Network.

Maran has rejected the allegations.

15:36 PM  Incidentally, whatever happened to Baba Ramdev? Government and the yogi on maun vrat it seems.
15:33 PM  Karzai wants Pak to end doublespeak on Taliban:  

Afghan President Hamid Karzai said today, he would seek public assurances from Pakistani leaders during his forthcoming visit to Islamabad that they will protect any Taliban officials who want to enter peace talks, and arrest all others.

Afghan leaders say they are looking for meaningful gestures from Pakistan''s leaders that they will not attempt to quash any peace talks Afghanistan launches with Taliban leaders and their insurgent allies.

15:21 PM  Dalai Lama in Oz, PM may not meet him:  

Tibetan spiritual leader, theDalai Lama arrived in Melbourne today from New Zealand.The 75-year-old Dalai Lama will spend 11 days in Australia, giving public lectures and meeting political leaders. Reports said that his meeting with Prime Minister Julia Gillard was unlikely.

Gillard is obviously treading carefully with the Chinese dragon threatening to breathe fire.

15:04 PM  Thackeray: MF slipped drawing Hindu deities:  

And more reactions...

Corporate Affairs Minister Murli Deora: "Husain was a great artist who was known to me for the last 35 years. He was a noble soul... a very humble person at heart."

CPI(M) leader Sitaram Yechury: "It is tragic that during his last years, he was forced to live outside India because of relentless campaign against him by the communalists. We convey heartfelt condolences to his son and painter Shamshad and other relatives."

Shiv Sena chief Bal Thackeray: Husain "slipped" while drawing paintings of Hindu deities. Damage may have been caused to modern art due to his demise. Thats all. May Allah give him peace.

15:01 PM  Reactions to Husain's death:  

Reactions to MF Husain's death.

West Bengal Chief Minister Mamata Banerjee: described him as "a unique painter whom the world will miss forever". Banerjee said though Husain courted controversy over some of his paintings and many did not like some of his works, "as an admirer of Husain's paintings, I accord full honour to him. He carved a niche for himself in the minds of common men".

Jammu and Kashmir Chief Minister Omar Abdullah: "I will never forget the privilege of watching you paint in Sanawar (Shimla) all those years ago."

JD(U) president Sharad Yadav: The country has not only lost a diamond in the galaxy of painters but also a true statesman.

14:41 PM  After Legarde, Mexican comes for IMF vote:  

Feels good that India is finally in the reckoning as a global economy when just 20 years ago, we had just enough forex to last a month.

Tomorrow, Mexican Central Bank Governor Agustin Carstens will visit India to seek support for his candidature for the top IMF post. The Finance Ministry today said the decision on India's vote will be taken by Prime Minister Manmohan Singh.

"It (India's support) has to be decided at the Prime Minister's level. In between, we would like to see who are the candidates," Finance Minister Pranab Mukherjee told reporters here when asked about India's stand on Carstens.

Earlier this week, French Finance Minister Christine Lagarde, who came calling here for India's support for her candidature, did not get any commitment from India.

14:30 PM  Pak jails breeding ground for terror, Gilani told:  

Pakistan's jails have become breeding grounds for extremists because outlawed groups like Tehrik-e-Taliban have taken their "ideological campaign" to prisoners, according to an adviser to Premier Yousuf Raza Gilani.

The jail, one of the oldest in Khyber-Pakhtunkhwa, came under the spotlight after the 9/11 attacks in the US as many Pakistanis were brought there from Afghanistan, where they had gone with radical cleric Maulana Sufi Muhammad and other extremists to join the 'jihad'.

14:20 PM  

Everytime we go to Google, we seem to stay there forever, playing the doodle guitar. Absolutely awesome. Try it.

14:18 PM  Germany finally admits failure in E.Coli war:  

As liberal India (and there doesn't seem to be much of it) struggles to live with the fact that it did preciousl little to push the government to get MF Husain back to his country, the German people faces an entirely different kind of struggle -- the struggle to live after the E.Coli outbreak.

The German government convened an emergency meeting of federal and state health ministers for the first time since the outbreak of the deadly E coli infection over a month ago.

The ministers admitted failures in their crisis management and lack of proper co-ordination between federal and state authorities in dealing with Germany's worst E coli outbreak in more than 60 years.

So far, the outbreak has claimed 25 lives and infected 1,959 people, 700 of them with the lethal haemolytic uramic syndrome (HUS), according to the Robert Koch Institute.

13:49 PM  India features in this National Geographic story for reasons we should be terribly ashamed about -- child marriage. Read

13:36 PM  Alright, finally, Ravi Shankar Prasad from the BJP says Husain was a great artist, India has lost a renowned artist today.

13:17 PM  Not a peep out of the BJP yet, on Husain's death.

13:14 PM  BBC on Husain:  

This is the BBC obituary on MF Husain.

One of India's most famous artists, MF Husain, has died in hospital in London at the age of 95, a source close to his family has said.

He had been unwell for several months.

Maqbool Fida Husain was India's most highly prized - and perhaps most controversial - painter and his work sold for millions of dollars.

His paintings of nude Hindu goddesses angered hardline Hindus who accused him of obscenity. He left India in 2006 and took up Qatari nationality in 2010.

13:10 PM  'Kashmiri Pandits will return if they feel safe':  

Another story of exile.

Jammu and Kashmir Chief Minister Omar Abdullah today said while efforts were on to bring migrant Kashmiri Pandits back to the Valley, it will only be possible when the community feels confident about their return. "We are making efforts for their return but they (Kashmiri Pandits) have to be prepared for it. They should feel assured and confident about their return."

12:57 PM  Why MF Husain chose exile over return:  

Here's why MF Husain chose exile in London over return to India. From the Tehelka interview with Shoma Chaudhury...

Why don't you come back to India and take on the fight?

As things stand, I cannot come back. No one has exiled me; I cameaway myself because I am an old man and vulnerable to physical danger. It's not just the cases. If I came back, given the mood they have created, someone could just push or assault me on the street, and I would not be able to defend myself.

The only way I can come back to India, perhaps, is if the BJP comes to power at the Centre. Or maybe, Mayawati. This government has no spine. Their hands are tied. They think if they speak out or take action, they will be accused of appeasement.

The irony is, out of power, the BJP uses issues like this to fan its votebank. In power, they would probably control their extreme brigades to look respectable and secular! (laughs) These are the ironies of India. Actually, it is for the courts to sort this out. The allegation that my work is obscene or hurts religious sentiment can never stand merit in a court. Perhaps, if someone filed a counter public interest litigation... It is not my place to do so.

12:54 PM  Read Shoma Chaudhury's 2008 interview with Husain.

12:51 PM  PM: MF Husain's death is a national loss:  

PM Manmohan Singh condoles MF Husain's death calling it a national loss.

12:48 PM  

Reactions: MF Husain's lawyer Akhil Sibal says he was at peace so long as he could work. He always had great love, affection and gratitude for India and the Indian people.

He never felt his physical presence was required in India. His work has immortalised him. He is perhaps no more, but is still with us.

12:42 PM  100 militants storm Pak security checkpost:  

Cutting in on the MF Husain story to give you this...

More than 100 militants have stormed a security checkpoint in north-western Pakistan, killing at least eight soldiers. At least 12 insurgents were also reported killed in the overnight gun battle that lasted some hours.

12:36 PM  

Newsflash.

Arnab Goswami's 2010 interview shows him actually allowing MF Husain to talk.

12:35 PM  On Twitter...:  

Comments pour in on Twitter...

Suhel Seth:Would be great is if the so-called 'civil society' now went on a fast seeking a state burial or at least a prayer ceremony for him in India.

Barkha Dutt: I hope the UPA government that could not create conditions for Hussains safe return will have the grace to mourn him in death.

TusharGandhi:RIP Maqbool Fida Hussain. Victim of Indian lunatic fringe & apathy of sane Indians. Alvida Hussain Saab.

12:30 PM  Was Mamata Banerjee Husain's new muse?:  

An earlier media report says Husain had in fact sketched West Bengal CM Mamata Banerjee in a black-and-white graffiti for the Hindustan Times.

The etching, typical of Husain's Bharatmata and Gajagamini style of figurative drawing, shows Banerjee in a slimmer and more glamorous avatar.

The artist posted the fetching graffiti portraying Banerjee -- flying a dove of peace with a Royal Bengal tiger as a mascot by her side, in a posture akin to the Bengali goddess of strength Durga, poised over the globe.

12:25 PM  

Husain also made news for his muses: First, Madhuri Dixit, then Tabu, Amrita Rao, and finally Anushka Sharma.

Meet the lucky women who inspired India's greatest artist

12:17 PM  

Irrespective of whether you liked his paintings, MF Husain was, without doubt, one of the most celebrated painters of the world and his paintings put India on the world map.

Husain first became well-known as an artist in the late 1940s. In 1947, he joined the Progressive Artists' Group, founded by Francis Newton Souza.

This was a group of young artists who wished to break with the nationalist traditions established by the Bengal school of art and to encourage an Indian avant-garde, engaged at an international level. In 1952, his first solo exhibition was held at Zrich and over the next few years, his work was widely seen in Europe and the US.

In 1955, he was awarded the prestigious Padma Shree prize by the Government of India. According to Forbes magazine, he has been called the "Picasso of India".

12:15 PM  

PTI report says his family has confirmed that MF Husain has indeed passed away early this morning in London.

12:12 PM  

Husain was admitted to the Royal Brompton Hospital in London for lung congestion, following which he died of a heart attack, say unconfirmed reports. He was 96.

12:07 PM  

Ironic that news of his death has everyone waxing eloquent about his art and the man he was, but the nation chose to remain largely silent when hewas forced out of this country in 2006.

If he is indeed dead, his last rites will be performed in London. Truly tragic that the man, who was singularly responsible for introducing and popularising Indian art abroad, cannot come home even in death.

12:01 PM  

For all that you need to know on MF Husain, who is incidentally a Padmashri, his paintings,the controversies he courted,read this.

He was also India's highest-selling artist -- a Husain painting auctioned at Christies recently sold for over Rs 2 crore.

Do remember, the reports onMF Husain's death is still unconfirmed byeither his family of friends.

11:55 AM  Ailing Husain died at 2.30 am today:  

In 1996, Husain courted controversy after his paintings of Hindu deities in the nude, originally painted in the 1970s, were interpreted as anti-Hindu. After eight legal cases and death threats in India, he was on a self imposed exile from 2006.

In January, 2010, he was offered the citizenship of Qatar, which he accepted.

Hindu militants in India attacked his home and galleries showing his work. For almost a decade, India's censorship laws, which allow the prosecution of anyone who threatens communal harmony, aided and abetted them.

11:52 AM  Reports say painter MF Husain is dead:  

Newsflash: News agencies say Maqbool Fida Husain, India's grand old man of art has passed away in London, where his last rites will be held.

TV reports as well as a report in the Hindustan Times says he died in a London hospital at 2.30 am today. Husain was in self-imposed exile since 2006 after Hindu groups threatened him for his nude depictions of Hindu deities.

He died of a heart attack brought by lung congestion.

11:33 AM  West, Arabia meet on post-Gaddafi Libya:  

While on Gaddafi, Western and Arab nations are to meet in the United Arab Emirates to discuss how events in Libya might develop if Gaddafi were no longer in power. The bbc.co.uk report says that a so-called Contact Group is also expected to firm up its pledge to set up a fund to help the Libyan rebels. The meeting comes as Nato intensified its air strikes on government targets in Tripoli.

Meanwhile, 14 rebels were reportedly killed in the city of Misrata as they tried to push back government troops.

11:27 AM  

Try the amazing Google doodle today. Superlative!

Go here for the explanationor just strum along

11:14 AM  Gaddafi gave Viagra to troops for mass rape:  

As yet unconfirmed, but if it's true...

Libyan leader Colonel Muammar Gaddafi apparently gave Viagra to his troops and ordered mass rapes to terrorise rebels, the International Criminal Court''s top prosecutor has claimed.

"In some areas we had 100 people raped. The issue for us was, can we attribute these rapes to Gaddafi? Or is it something that happened in the barracks,' Luis Moreno-Ocampo said.

"Now we are confirming that there was a policy to rape in Libya. It was never the pattern he used to control the population. The rape is a new attribute of his repression,' he added.

Moreno-Ocampo also cited witnesses to insist that he Gaddafi loyalists were found buying containers of sex drugs to "enhance the possibility to rape".

11:01 AM  Ramdev: Pvt army will be a nationalist force:  

The biggest news yesterday coming out of Baba Ramdev's fast was his call to raise a private army of 11,000 so that there would be "no more Ramlila attacks". See what happened yesterday.

Obviously, he came under attack, so the Baba has softened his stance today saying he was not trying to train terrorists or Maoists but just wanted to set up a "nationalist" force.

"It is for self-defence," Ramdev, who is continuing his fast against corruption, told his followers at Patanjali Yogapeeth in Haridwar.

"If our women are able to safeguard themselves then nobody will dare to harm them and if our men are able then they can defend any Ramlila ground-type attack," he said.

"My words should be taken in the right context. People should understand what I have said.I want to train them for self-defence. Shaastra means knowledge and shastra means self-defence," Ramdev said, referring to his comments yesterday that young men will be trained in both shaastra (vedas) and shastra (weapons).

10:48 AM  News this morning:  

Good morning. Tragedy for 20 pilgrims who were crushed to death by a speeding truck. Later in the day, is a meeting on black money. Stay with us for the rest of the news.

NRIs' big stake in Baba Ramdev's empire (The Times of India)

According to filings by Patanjali Ayurved with the Registrar of Companies, a couple from Scotland holds 12.46 lakh shares each in the company. Read

Baba Ramdev to make his assets public today. (The Times of India)

With questions being raised over his huge assets, Baba Ramdev on Thursday morning said he will make public all his personal financial details and also the assets of firms and trusts associated with him in the evening. Read

At least 20 dead as speeding truck runs over sleeping pilgrims in Gujarat (The Times of India)

The incident took place on Dolka-Bagodra highway where a number of people on their way to pilgrimage were sleeping on the roadside. Read

2G scam: No wrongdoing by Tata Teleservices found, CBI tells JPC (The Times of India)

In its probe into the 2G spectrum scam, the CBI has also noted that the company unfairly lost out to Swan Telecom in the lucrative Delhi circle. Read

No Karuna for Maran: 'He can help himself'(DNA)

'Maran had said that he himself would prove his innocence. He will take the necessary course of action. I do not have anything more to add to this,' said Karunanidhi on Wednesday morning. Read

Barbie destroying Indonesia rainforests (Hindustan Times)

Greenpeace said on Wednesday it had evidence that Barbie doll packaging comes from Indonesian rainforests, accusing toy manufacturers such as Mattel and Walt Disney Co of contributing to the country's rapid deforestation. Read

http://news.rediff.com/commentary/2011/jun/09/liveupdates.htm
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Manusmṛti

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
This article contains Indic text. Without proper rendering support, you may see question marks or boxes, misplaced vowels or missing conjuncts instead of Indic text.
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Manusmṛti (written also as Manusmriti or Manusmruti) (Sanskrit: मनुस्मृति), also known asMānava-Dharmaśāstra (Sanskrit: मानवधर्मशास्त्र), is the most important and earliest metrical work of the Dharmaśāstra textual tradition of Hinduism.[1] Generally known in English as the Laws of Manu, it was first translated into English in 1794 by Sir William Jones, an English Orientalist and judge of the British Supreme Court of Judicature in Calcutta.[2] The text presents itself as a discourse given by Manu, the progenitor of mankind to a group of seers, or rishis, who beseech him to tell them the "law of all the social classes" (1.2). Manu became the standard point of reference for all future Dharmaśāstras that followed it.[3]

According to Hindu tradition, the Manusmriti records the words of Brahma.[4] By attributing the words to supernatural forces, the text takes on an authoritative tone as a statement on Dharma, in opposition to previous texts in the field, which were more scholarly.[5]

Contents

 [hide]

Date and context

The text shows the obvious influence of previous Dharmasutras and Arthasastric work. In particular, the Manu Smriti was the first to adopt the term vyavaharapadas. These eighteen Titles of Law or Grounds for Litigation make up more than one fifth of the work and deal primarily with matters of the king, state, and judicial procedure.[5] Though most scholars had previously considered the text a composite put together over a long period of time, Olivelle has recently argued that the complex and consistent structure of the text suggests a single author. However, no details of this eponymous author's life are known, though it is likely that he belonged to a conservative Brahmin caste somewhere in Northern India.[3]

A range of historical opinion generally dates composition of the text any time between 200 BCE and 200 CE.[6] After the breakdown of the Maurya and Shunga empires, there was a period of uncertainty that led to renewed interest in traditional social norms.[7] In Thapar's view, "The severity of the Dharma-shastras was doubtless a commentary arising from the insecurity of the orthodox in an age of flux."[8]

The dharma class of texts were noteworthy also because they did not depend on the authority of particular Vedic schools, becoming the starting point of an independent tradition that emphasized dharma itself and not its Vedic origins.[9]

Structure

The original treatise consisted of one thousand chapters of law, polity, and pleasure given by Brahmā. His son, Manu, learns these lessons and proceeds to teach his own students, including Bhrigu. Bhrigu then relays this information in the Manu Smriti, to an audience of his own pupils.[10]

This original narrative was subdivided later into twelve chapters. There is debate over the effects of this division on the underlying, holistic manner in which the original treatise was written.[11] The book is written in simple verse as opposed to the metrical verse of the preceding dharmasutras. Manu also introduced a unique "transitional verse" which segued the end of one subject and the beginning of the next.

The treatise is written with a frame story, in which a dialogue takes place between Manu's disciple, Bhrigu, and an audience of his own students. The story begins with Manu himself detailing the creation of the world and the society within it, structured around four social classes. Bhrigu takes over for the remainder of the work, teaching the details of the rest of Manu's teachings. The audience reappears twice more, asking first about how Brahmins can be subjected to death, and second to ask the effects of action.[12]

Table of Contents

This Table of Contents comes from Olivelle's translation of the Manu Smriti and provides the transitional verses between each subject:[13]

1. Origin of the World (1.1–119)

There are no transitional verses for this section

2. Sources of the Law (2.1–24)

"I have described to you above succinctly the source of the Law, as also the origin of this whole world. Learn now the Laws of the social classes." (2.25)

3. Dharma of the Four Social Classes (2.25–11.266)

  • 3.1 Rules Relating to Law (2.25–10.131)
  • 3.1.1 Rules of Action in Normal Times (2.26–9.336)
  • 3.1.1.1 Fourfold Dharma of a Brahmin (2.26–6.97)

"I have explained to you above the fourfold Law of Brahmins, a Law that is holy and brings imperishable rewards after death. Listen now to the Law of kings." (6.97)

  • 3.1.1.2 Rules of Action for a King (7.1–9.325)

"I have described above in its entirety the eternal rules of action for the king. What follows, one should understand, are the rules of action for the Vaiśyas and Śūdras in their proper order." (9.325)

  • 3.1.1.3 Rules of Action for Vaiśyas and Śūdras (9.325-36)

"I have described above the splendid rules of action for the social classes outside times of adversity. Listen now to the rules for them in the proper order for times of adversity." (9.336)

  • 3.1.2 Rules of Action in Times of Adversity (10.1–129)

"I have described above the entire set of rules pertaining to the Law of the four classes. Next, I will explain the splendid rules pertaining to penance." (10.131)

  • 3.2 Rules Relating to Penance (11.1–265)

"You have described this Law for the four classes in its entirety, O Sinless One! Teach us accurately the ultimate consummation of the fruits of actions." (12.1)

Nature and Purpose

The Manu Smriti is written with a focus on the "shoulds" of dharma rather than on the actuality of everyday practice in India at the time. Still, its practical application should not be underestimated. Through intermediate forces, such as the instruction of scholars, the teachings did indeed have indirect effects on major segments of the Indian population. It is also an invaluable point of common reference in scholarly debates.[14]

It seems likely that the book was written in a manner which was very mindful of the dangers facing the Brahmin community during a time of much change and social upheaval. A renewed alliance between the Brahmin and Kṣatra communities is clearly a goal reflected in the introduction of the vyavahārapadas.[15] The emphasis which this topic receives can be seen as an offering of solidarity from the religious community to the ruling class.

Commentaries on Manu

There have been numerous commentaries written on the Manu Smṛti. Some of the major commentaries are listed below:

Bhāruci

Bhāruci is the oldest known commentator on the Manu Smṛti. Kane places him in the late 10th or early 11th century,[16] Olivelle places him in the 8th century,[17] and Derrett places him between 600–650 CE.[17] From these three opinions we can place Bhāruci anywhere from the early 7th century CE to the early 11th century CE. The surviving portion of Bhāruci's commentary that we have today deals mostly with the duties of the king and whether or not the king can be a source of dharma.

Medhātithi

Medhātithi is one of the most famous commentators on the Manu Smṛti, and there is some debate regarding the location in which he was writing, but scholars such as Buhler, Kane, and Lingat tend to believe he was from Kashmir or the area around Kashmir. The exact date that Medhātithi was writing is also unclear, and he has been placed anywhere between 820CE and 1050CE.[18]

Economic ideas

The economic ideas found in Manusmriti have been traced by Ratan Lal Basu.[19]

Views and criticism

The work is considered an important source for sociological, political and historical studies. Manu Smriti is one of the most heavily criticized of the scriptures of Hinduism, having been attacked by colonial scholars, modern liberals, Hindu reformists, Dalit advocates, feminists,[20]Marxists and certain groups of traditional Hindus, namely Smartas[citation needed]. Much of its criticism stems from its unknown authority, as some believe the text to be authoritative, but others do not. There is also debate over whether the text has suffered from later interpolations of verses.

In northern/southern India Vaishnavism and Shaivism were the common religious traditions, and the teachings of the Manu Smriti was not as widely followed or well-known.

In 300 BCE, Megasthenes wrote that the people around the Mathura region worshipped Harculas. Also Faxian did not mention anything about rigid-ness of the varna systems. Chanakya, the author of Arthashastra, never mentioned any social laws prevailing in the society during the first integrator and Mauryan Emperor Chandragupta's reign.

The Manu Smriti was one of the first Sanskrit texts studied by the British. It was first translated into English by the founder of indology, Sir William Jones. His version was published in 1794.[21] British administrative requirements encouraged their interest in the Dharmashastras, which they believed to be legal codes. In fact, these were not codes of law but norms related to social obligations and ritual requirements.[22]According to Avari:

The text was never universally followed or acclaimed by the vast majority of Indians in their history; it came to the world's attention through a late eighteenth-century translation by Sir William Jones, who mistakenly exaggerated both its antiquity and its importance. Today many of its ideas are popularised as the golden norm of classical Hindu law by Hindu universalists. They are, however, anathema to modern thinkers and particularly feminists.[23]

The "Law of Manu" was cited favorably by the German philosopher Friedrich Nietzsche, who deemed it "an incomparably spiritual and superior work" to the Christian Bible. He observed that "the sun shines on the whole book" and attributed its ethical perspective to "the noble classes, the philosophers and warriors, [who] stand above the mass."[24] However, he also criticized it for its abusive treatment of thechandala, claiming that "this organization too found it necessary to be terrible."[25]

The law in Manu Smriti also appears to be overtly positive towards the brahmin (priest) caste in terms of concessions made in fines and punishments. The stance of the Manu Smriti about women has also been debated. While certain verses such as (III – 55, 56, 57, 59, 62) glorify the position of women, other verses (IX – 3, 17) seem to attack the position and freedom women have. The education of women is also discussed in the text. Certain interpretations of Verse (IX – 18) claim that it discourages women from reading Vedic scriptures. Verse (II – 240), however, allows women to read Vedic scriptures. Similar contradictory phrases are encountered in relation to child marriage in verses (IX – 94) and (IX – 90).

In his book Revolution and Counter-Revolution in India, Dalit leader B. R. Ambedkar asserted that Manu Smriti was written by a sage namedBrigu during the times of Pushyamitra of Sangha in connection with social pressures caused by the rise of Buddhism.[26] However, historianRomila Thapar considers these claims to be exaggerations. She writes that archaeological evidence casts doubt on the claims of Buddhist persecution by Pushyamitra.[27] Support of the Buddhist faith by the Sungas at some point is suggested by an epigraph on the gateway ofBharhut, which mentions its erection "during the supremacy of the Sungas"[28] Hinduism does not evangelize.[29]

However, not all Hindus agree with the criticisms of the text, or the assertion that the Manu Smriti is not authoritative. Some prominent Hindu figures, such as Swami Dayananda Saraswati[30] and A.C. Bhaktivedanta Swami,[31] hold the text to be authentic and authoritative. Other admirers of the text have included Annie Besant, P.D. Ouspensky, Pandurang Shastri Athavale and Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan. Friedrich Nietzsche is noted to have said "Close the Bible and open the Manu Smriti. "It has an affirmation of life, a triumphing agreeable sensation in life and that to draw up a lawbook such as Manu means to permit oneself to get the upper hand, to become perfection, to be ambitious of the highest art of living"[32]

See also

Notes

  1. ^ See Flood 1996: 56 and Olivelle 2005.
  2. ^ Jones's translation is available online as The Institutes of Hindu Law: Or, The Ordinances of Manu, Calcutta: Sewell & Debrett, 1796.
  3. ^ a b Olivelle, "Literary History," p. 16.
  4. ^ Olivelle(2004), p. xx.
  5. ^ a b Olivelle, Literary History, p. 17.
  6. ^ For composition between 200 BCE and 200 CE see: Avari, p. 142. For dating of composition "between the second century BCE and third century CE" see: Flood (1996), p. 56. For dating of Manu Smriti in "final form" to the 2nd century CE, see: Keay, p. 103. For dating as completed some time between 200 BCE and 100 CE see: Hopkins, p. 74. For probable origination during the second or 3rd centuries AD, see: Kulke and Rothermund, p. 85. For the text as preserved dated to around the 1st century BCE. see: Encyclopedia Britannica Concise, retrieved 2007-06-24
  7. ^ For significance of post-empire social uncertainty as a factor in the development of the Code of Manas, see: Kulke and Rothermund, p. 85.
  8. ^ Thapar (2002), p. 279.
  9. ^ For the dharmashastras, including Manu Smriti, as the starting point for an independent tradition not dependent on Vedic origins, see: Hopkins, p. 74.
  10. ^ Olivelle(2004), pp. xxi–xxii.
  11. ^ Olivelle(2004), pp. xxvii.
  12. ^ Olivelle(2004), p. xxv.
  13. ^ Olivelle(2004), pp. xxviii–xxix.
  14. ^ Olivelle(2004), p. xxli.
  15. ^ Olivelle, Literary History, p. 19.
  16. ^ Kane, P. V., History of Dharmaśāstra, (Poona: Bhandarkar Oriental Research Institute, 1975), Volume I, Part I, 566.
  17. ^ a b Olivelle, Patrick, "Dharmaśāstra: A Literary History", 29.
  18. ^ Kane, P. V., History of Dharmaśāstra, (Poona: Bhandarkar Oriental Research Institute, 1975), Volume I, Part II, 583.
  19. ^ Ratan Lal Basu & Rajkumar Sen, Ancient Indian Economic Thought, Relevance for Today, Rawat Publications, New Delhi (2008). ISBN 81-316-0125-0
  20. ^ For objections to the work by feminists, see: Avari, pp. 142–143.
  21. ^ For Manu Smriti as one of the first Sanskrit texts noted by the British and translation by Sir William Jones in 1794, see: Flood (1996), p. 56.
  22. ^ For British interest in Dharmashastras due to administrative needs, and their misinterpretation of them as legal codes rather than as social and ritual texts, see: Thapar (2002), pp. 2–3.
  23. ^ Avari, Burjor. India, the ancient past: a history of the Indian subcontinent from c. 7000 BC to AD 1200. New York: Routledge, 2007. p. 142.
  24. ^ Friedrich Nietzche, The Antichrist (1888), 56–57.
  25. ^ Friedrich Nietzche, Twilight of the Idols (1888).
  26. ^ Revolution and Counter-Revolution in India
  27. ^ Romila Thapar, Asoka and the Decline of the Mauryas, Oxford University Press (1960) p. 200.
  28. ^ John Marshall, "An Historical and Artistic Description of Sanchi", from A Guide to Sanchi, citing p. 11. Calcutta: Superintendent, Government Printing (1918). Pp. 7–29 on line, Project South Asia.
  29. ^ K. V. Rao, Socialism, Secularism, and Democracy in India, pp. 28–30. Nagendra K. Singh, Enforcement of Human Rights in Peace and War and the Future of Humanity, p. 35. Martinus Nijhoff (1986) ISBN 9024733022
  30. ^ The Light of Truth, Chapter 4
  31. ^ Bhagavad Gita As It Is, Chapter 16 Text 7 – "...Even up to today, those who are Hindu follow the Manu-samhita..."
  32. ^ Friedrich Nietzsche, The Will to Power, vol. 1.

References

  • Translation by G. Bühler (1886). Sacred Books of the East: The Laws of Manus (Vol. XXV). Oxford. Available online as The Laws of Manu
  • Flood, Gavin (1996). An Introduction to Hinduism. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-43878-0.
  • Hopkins, Thomas J. (1971). The Hindu Religious Tradition. Belmont, California: Wadsworth Publishing Company.
  • Keay, John (2000). India: A History. New York: Grove Press. ISBN 0-8021-3797-0.
  • Kulke, Hermann; Rothermund, Dietmar (1986). A History of India. New York: Barnes & Noble. ISBN 0-88029-577-5.
  • Olivelle, Patrick (2005). Manu's Code of Law: A Critical Edition and Translation of the Mānava-Dharmaśāstra. Oxford: Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-195-17146-2.
  • Thapar, Romila (2002). Early India: From the Origins to AD 1300. Berkeley, California: University of California Press. ISBN 0-520-24225-4.
  •  "The Laws of Manu". Catholic Encyclopedia. New York: Robert Appleton Company. 1913.
  • Olivelle, Patrick (2004). The Law Code of Manu. New York: OUP. ISBN 0192802712.
  • Olivelle, Patrick (to be published). "Dharmasastra: A Literary History". In Lubin, Timothy; Krishnan, Jayanth; and Davis, Jr., Donald R..Law and Hinduism: An Introduction. Cambridge University Press.

M. F. Husain

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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This article is about M.F. Husain, the Indian artist. For the grandson of Prophet Mohammad, see Husayn bin Ali. For the late king of Jordan, see Hussein of Jordan.
M.F. Husain

MF Husain at Museum of Islamic Art, Doha
Birth nameMaqbool Fida Husain
Born17 September 1915
Pandharpur, Bombay Presidency,British India
Died9 June 2011 (aged 95)
London, England, United Kingdom
NationalityIndian; Qatari[1]
FieldPainting, Drawing, Writer
TrainingSir J. J. School of Art
MovementProgressive Art Group
WorksMother India; illustrations to Ramayana, Mahabarata
AwardsPadma Shri
Padma Bhushan
Padma Vibhushan
Websitehttp://www.mfhussain.com/

Maqbool Fida Husain (17 September 1915 – 9 June 2011) popularly known as MF, was a prominent Indian painter. According to Forbes magazine, he has been called the "Picasso of India".[2]

Husain was associated with Indian modernism in the 1940s. After a long career, in 1996, when Husain was 81 years old, controversy arose over paintings originally created in the 1970s which were interpreted as anti-Hindu. After legal cases and death threats in his home country, he was on a self imposed exile from 2006. In January, 2010, he was offered the citizenship of Qatar, which he accepted. He died in London the following year.

Contents

 [hide]

Career

1940-1965

Husain first became well-known as an artist in the late 1940s. In 1947, he joined the Progressive Artists' Group, founded by Francis Newton Souza. This was a clique of young artists who wished to break with the nationalist traditions established by the Bengal school of art and to encourage an Indian avant-garde, engaged at an international level. In 1952, his first solo exhibition was held at Zürich and over the next few years, his work was widely seen in Europe and the U.S. In 1955, he was awarded the prestigious Padma Shri award by the Government of India.[3]

1965-1990

In 1967, he made his first film, Through the Eyes of a Painter. It was shown at the Berlin Film Festival and won a Golden Bear.[4][5]

M. F. Husain was a special invitee along with Pablo Picasso at the Sao Paulo Biennial in 1971.[5] He has been awarded the Padma Bhushanin 1973 and was nominated to the Rajya Sabha in 1986.[5] He was awarded the Padma Vibhushan in 1991.

1990-2011

Husain went on to become the highest paid painter in India. His single canvases have fetched up to $2 million at a recent Christie's auction.[6]

He has also worked (produced & directed) on few movies, including Gaja Gamini (with his muse Madhuri Dixit who was the subject of a series of his paintings which he signed Fida). The film was intended as a tribute to Ms. Dixit herself.[7] In this film she can be seen portraying various forms and manifestations of womanhood including the muse of Kalidasa, the Mona Lisa, a rebel, and musical euphoria. He went on to make Meenaxi: A Tale of Three Cities (with Tabu). His autobiography is being made into a movie tentatively titled The Making of the Painter, starring Shreyas Talpade as the young Husain.[8]

The Peabody Essex Museum (PEM) (USA, Massachusetts) showed a solo exhibition from 4 November 2006 to 3 June 2007. It exhibited Husain's paintings inspired by the Hindu epic, Mahabharata.

At the age of 92 Husain was to be given the prestigious Raja Ravi Varma award by the government of Kerala.[9] The announcement led to controversy in Kerala and some cultural organisations campaigned against the granting of the award and petitioned the Kerala courts.Sabarimala spokesperson, Rahul Easwar, went to Kerala High Court and it granted an interim order to stay the granting of the award until the petition had been disposed of.[10]

In early 2008, Husain's Battle of Ganga and Jamuna: Mahabharata 12, a large diptych, from the Hindu epic, fetched $1.6 million, setting a world record at Christie's South Asian Modern and Contemporary Art sale.[11]

His name was included in the list of the 500 Most Influential Muslims in the World, [12] issued by the Royal Islamic Strategic Studies Center in Amman, Jordan.

For the last years of his life he lived in Dubai and London, staying away from India, but expressing a strong desire to return, despite fears of arrest.[13] He died in a Royal Brompton hospital in London at 2.30 am on Thursday, June 9, 2011 following a cardiac arrest.[14].

Controversies

In the 1990s some of Husain's works became controversial because of their portrayal of Hindu deities in the nude or in an allegedly sexual manner.[15] The paintings in question were created in 1970, but did not become an issue until 1996, when they were printed in Vichar Mimansa, a Hindi monthly magazine, which published them in an article headlined "M.F. Husain: A Painter or Butcher". In response, eight criminal complaints were filed against Husain. In 2004, Delhi High Court dismissed these complaints of "promoting enmity between different groups ... by painting Hindu goddesses — Durga and Sarswati, that was later compromised by Hindu's. ".[16][17][18]

In 1998 Husain's house was attacked by Hindu groups like Bajrang Dal and art works were vandalised. The leadership of Shiv Sena endorsed the attack. Twenty-six Bajrang Dal activists were arrested by the police.[19] Protests against Husain also led to the closure of an exhibition in London, England.

In February 2006, Husain was charged with hurting sentiments of people because of his nude portraits of Hindu gods and goddesses.[20]

A series of cases were brought against him and a court case related to the alleged obscene depiction of Hindu goddesses in his paintings resulted in issuing a non-bailable warrant against Husain after he failed to respond to summons. There were also reportedly death threats.[21][22] The artist left the country stating that "matters are so legally complicated that I have been advised not to return home".[23]

Mother India

In the February 6, 2006 issue, India Today, a national English weekly published an advertisement titled "Art For Mission Kashmir". This advertisement contains a painting of Bharatmata (Mother India) as a nude woman posed across a map of India with the names of Indian States on various parts of her body. The exhibition was organised by Nafisa Ali of Action India (NGO) and Apparao Art Gallery.[24]Organizations like Hindu Jagruti Samiti and Vishva Hindu Parishad (VHP) have protested persistently against Husain displaying the painting on the websites and even in exhibitions in north Europe. As a result, on February 7, 2006 Husain apologised and promised to withdraw the painting from an auction.[25][26] The painting later appeared on Husain's official website.

Meenaxi: A Tale of Three Cities

Husain's film Meenaxi: A Tale of Three Cities[27] was pulled out of movie theatres a day after some Muslim organisations raised objections to one of the songs in it.[28] The All-India Ulema Council complained that the Qawwali song Noor-un-Ala-Noor was blasphemous. It argued that the song contained words directly taken from the Quran. The council was supported by Muslim organisations like the Milli Council, All-India Muslim Council, Raza Academy, Jamiat-ul-Ulema-e-Hind and Jamat-e-Islami. Husain's son stated that the words were a phrase referring to divine beauty that were being sung by the central character played by Tabu. He said there was no intention to offend. Following the wave of protests the enraged artist pulled off his movie from the theaters. The movie was well received by the critics, however, and went on to win various awards.

Supporters and critics

The artistic community was supportive[29] as well as critical. Krishan Khanna, one of Husain's contemporaries, stated that "It's not just Husain's but the entire artist community's lives which are at stake. Anybody and everybody can file a case against us now. Anyone can infringe upon our lives". Others who have expressed anger at the "vicious campaigns" against Husain, include filmmaker Saeed Mirza, social activist Nafisa Ali, theatre personality M. K. Raina and a host of other artistes, art critics and art gallery owners. Salil Tripathi, writing in theInternational Herald Tribune, notes that Hindu goddesses have regularly been portrayed in the nude by Hindu artists. Tripathi asserts that,[30]

"It is hypocritical to place curbs on Husain's artistic freedom. What's more shameful is that a government that claims to be the secular alternative to Hindu nationalists is threatening to prosecute Husain. This does not do India proud; it adds to India's disgrace. "

Other Indian artists expressed criticism. Satish Gujral went on record to ask Husain whether he will be bold enough to treat icons of Islam in the same manner.[31] However Gujral says he deeply regrets the way Husain was treated and forced into an exile because of what he terms "the mob culture".[32] According to a senior Hindu artist and former President, Bombay Art Society, Gopal Adivrekar,[33]

"Nothing is bad in being creative but the artists should not go for such artwork, which may hurt the sentiments of a segment of the society. "

Writing in The Pioneer, Chandan Mitra wrote,[33][34]

"As long as such a law exists in the statutes, nobody can be faulted for approaching the courts against Hussain's objectionable paintings, nor can the judiciary be pilloried for ordering action against the artist for his persistent and deliberate refusal to appear before the court. "

In response to the controversy, Husain's admirers petitioned the government to grant Husain the Bharat Ratna, India's highest award. According to Shashi Tharoor, who supported the petition, it praised Husain because his "life and work are beginning to serve as an allegory for the changing modalities of the secular in modern India — and the challenges that the narrative of the nation holds for many of us. This is the opportune and crucial time to honour him for his dedication and courage to the cultural renaissance of his beloved country."[35]

On his part Husain stated that Hindu leaders have not spoken a word against his paintings, and they should have been the first ones to have raised their voice.[36]

References

  1. ^ "M F Husain given Qatar nationality". CNN-IBN. Retrieved 25 February 2010.
  2. ^ The Picasso of India. The 2006 Collectors Guide. Forbes Magazine.
  3. ^ palette art gallery: biography of Husain
  4. ^ Profile of M. F. Husain at 20th Century Museum of Contemporary Indian Art web site - URL retrieved August 22, 2006
  5. ^ a b c M. F. Husain: M. F. Husain paintings, art work at Palette Art Gallery, India
  6. ^ [1]
  7. ^ "santabanta.com". The work of the muse. Archived from the original on 13 October 2007. Retrieved 12 December 2006.
  8. ^ IndiaFM News Bureau, August 22, 2006 - 09:00 IST;Counterfeit artist
  9. ^ MF Hussain selected for Raja Ravi Varma award
  10. ^ The Hindu, "High Court restraint on award for M.F. Husain"
  11. ^ ibnlive, masterstroke-husain-painting-fetches-16-mn
  12. ^ The Royal Islamic Strategic Studies Centre. "The 500 Most Influential Muslims" (PDF). The Royal Islamic Strategic Studies Centre. Retrieved 2011-01-03.
  13. ^ Police attach MF Husain's property in Mumbai
  14. ^ MF Hussain Passes Away in London
  15. ^ Protest against M.F. Husain's Derogatory Paintings
  16. ^ [2]
  17. ^ The Hindu online edition: Delhi High Court dismisses complaints against M.F. Husain - URL retrieved August 22, 2006
  18. ^ Full text of the Delhi High Court Verdict in Hussain's Case, 1996 - URL retrieved March 5, 2007
  19. ^ Frontline, Vol. 15 :: No. 10 :: May 9 - 22, 1998
  20. ^ Rediff India Abroad: M F Husain booked for his paintings of nude gods - URL retrieved August 22, 2006
  21. ^ Fundamentalists strike again on Indian contemporary art.
  22. ^ India's Supreme Court suspends arrest warrant for artist M.F. Husain
  23. ^ Hussain's property: SC issues stay order
  24. ^ Naked Mother India Painting - URL accessed on March 5, 2007
  25. ^ com/articleshow/1405262.cms MF Hussain apologises for obscene paintings - Times of India Story - Accessed on March 5, 2006
  26. ^ HJS lodges FIR against Nafisa Ali for selling Hussain's art - Outlook Story, Accessed on March 5, 2007
  27. ^ M. F. Husain at the Internet Movie Database
  28. ^ Husain pulls Meenaxi out of theatres - The Tribune
  29. ^ Artists rally behind a beleaguered Hussain
  30. ^ Salil Tripathi, Meanwhile: The right to be offended,International Herald Tribune, May 31, 2006]
  31. ^ A brush with genius, Hindustan Times
  32. ^ The Indian Express
  33. ^ a b Husain's painting, controversy refuses to die
  34. ^ Art for God's sake
  35. ^ The Shashi Tharoor Column, The Hindu, November 26, 2006- URL retrieved November 26, 2006
  36. ^ News Article, Gulf Times, June 2, 2010

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